Viet new years essays

Viet new years articles All around the globe individuals praise the happening to another year with conventions from their nation. One of the most extraordinary days of the year as indicated by my way of life would be Tet. Tet is another name for the Vietnamese Lunar New Year. Tet is a festival of a fresh start, and denotes the beginning of the lunar schedule year. Tet is more imperative to my way of life than Christmas and Thanksgiving joined. Albeit New Years isn't completely celebrated around the same time, numerous societies, including the Americans, observe New Years with comparable and diverse social conventions. Similitudes and contrasts of my social New Years contrasted with the American New Years would be the place it began from, the manner in which it is commended, and values it might hold. The Vietnamese New Years comes at some point between January 21 and February 19 as indicated by the lunar schedule. It is realized that my progenitors have commended this occasion for more than 4000 years. There is mostly secret about the starting point of Tet aside from that it began from China. The Vietnamese adjusted to the Chinese culture in light of the fact that the two nations are close to one another. The cause of the Chinese New Years itself is hundreds of years old, in this manner it is excessively old to really be followed. In any case, there are numerous legends about Tet where my grandparents disclose to me identified with the start of Tet. In one fantasy, the beast, Nian, had the ability to gobble up all the individuals in a town in one major chomp. Individuals in the town were frightened of Nian yet one day an elderly person acted the hero the town. The elderly person asked Nian, I realize you can eat individuals, yet would you be able to eat different monsters rather than individuals who are not commendable rivals? Nian then acknowledged the elderly person's demand and ate the monsters that had bothered the townspeople and their livestock for quite a long time. Toward the finish of the legend, Nian left and that day was recognized as New Years in light of the fact that the locals praised another be... <!

Comets Essays (1436 words) - Comets, Comet, Sungrazing Comet, Coma

Comets Prior to the seventeenth century, comets were viewed as omens notice shots discharged at a corrupt Earth from the correct hand of an avenging God. In any case, in the post-Newtonian time, when their ways were comprehended to converge that of the Earth, they were viewed as real operators of annihilation. Specialists have portrayed comets as the bearers of both life-seeds to the early Earth what's more, horrendous rockets that will one day snuff out life as we probably am aware it. At once or another, individuals have censured comets for war and considered answerable for the passings of men, the introduction of good wine, the London fire of 1666, seriously chilly climate, and so on . . . On the off chance that one focal topic runs from the beginning of time of comets, it must be the open concern they have directed. Comets are old articles, framed in the external compasses of the Solar System from the ice of gases, for example, methane, water fume, and smelling salts, joined with dust from crude stone mixes. Here and there comets are depicted as grimy snowballs since they are frosty irregularities, or on the other hand meandering chunks of ice. Comets are generally minor only a couple of miles across all things considered. Their cores are totally different from shining bundles of light, with multimillion-mile-long tails. This is one explanation comets once in a while visit the internal Solar System. Space experts separate comets into extensive stretch sorts with circles of over 200 years and brief period types with circles of under 200 years (as refered to in Branley 1988 p. 43). All comets start their excursion as significant stretch sorts. Gravitational fields of planets at that point catch long- period comets. Comets can have circles at any point since they can emerge out of any locale. When comets are caught, they fall into line with the development of planets, remaining nearby to the ecliptic, circling the sun a similar way as the planets. One special case is Halley's Comet. It is a brief period comet with an orbital time of around seventy-six years-known as retrograde circles (as refered to in Branley 1988 p. 44). Retrograde circles are just clockwise orbital movement, as seen from the north post of a planet. Most Solar System circles are counter clockwise. Like individuals, comets bunch as well. At the point when a few comets with various periods travel in almost a similar circle, specialists state that they are individuals from a comet gathering. One notable bunch incorporates the fabulous Sun-touching comet, Ikeya-Seki, of 1965, and seven others having times of almost a thousand years. Brian G. Marsden, an American cosmologist, has finished up that a 1965 comet and the much more splendid comet of 1882 split from a parent comet, potentially the one of 1106 (as refered to in Yeomans 1991 p. 184). One fascinating commitment of the comet is the sun based impact. The procedure begins by a comet moving toward the sun. When the comet moves toward the sun, sun based warmth sublimates, or dissipates, the frosts. This makes the comet light up gigantically. Once in a while this builds up a splendid tail, expanding a great many kilometers into space. Indeed, even as the comet subsides once more, the tail is coordinated away from the sun. What are these dynamite comet tails made out of? Comet tails are comprised of straightforward ionized particles, including carbon monoxide and dioxide. By activity of sunlight based breeze, atoms are overwhelmed, shaping a slim stream of hot gases ceaselessly shot out from the sunlight based crown. On the off chance that you don't have a clue about the importance of a sunlight based crown, it is the peripheral climate of the Sun. Incredibly, the flimsy floods of high gases move at a speed of roughly 400 kilometers (250 miles) every second (as refered to in Yeomans 1991 p. 185). Moreover, a comet every now and again likewise shows littler, bended tails made out of fine residue particles blown from the trance like state by the weight of sun oriented radiation. However, as a comet retreats from the Sun, the loss of gas and other residue particles decline in amount, which add to the vanishing of the tail. A few comets with little circles contain tails so short that they are for all intents and purposes imperceptible. In any case, the tail of at any rate one comet has surely surpassed around 320 million kilometers (200 million miles) long (as refered to in Yeornans 1991 p. 183). Shockingly, of around 1400 comets on record, less than a large portion of the tails were obvious to the unaided eye, and less than 10 percent were prominent (as refered to in Yeornans 1991 p. 185). Curiously, novice stargazer Yuji Hayukutake from Hawaii, found Comet Hayukutake. This disclosure was on January 30, 1996 (as refered to in rosat-goc-comet) However, mid - walk is at its generally noticeable in the northern half of the globe. This unexpected comet has

Poetry Writing Courses for International Students

Poetry Writing Courses for International Students People usually write poems because they want to capture a moment or certain emotion they have experienced. Poetry employs a different approach to communication with the reader. This genre of literature has its own devices and techniques to convey your experience to the audience. Practice makes perfect, but if you write poems, or at least tried to, you know that prior knowledge of these techniques is extremely helpful. Here is a list of courses that will help you start the journey into poetry, improve your skills as a writer and publish your work. Some of the courses are free and some of them are paid, but all of them are online, and thus, suitable for international students. â€Å"What is poetry?† from OpenLearn is a free course, a popular platform for online studies. It is great for beginners as it covers the basics, teaches how to use writing techniques and literary devices. This course is designed for people who wish to start writing poems, but for some reason keep postponing. It can help you realize what stops you from writing, and free your imagination. â€Å"Poetry writing† form Gotham Writers is useful for those who cant find their way with words. The course teaches how to make the most powerful impact on the reader, but also addresses the forms of poetry and writing techniques. This course is also held in New York, so you can take it in person if you live near this location, or if you are going to visit the city in time of their workshop. â€Å"Writing poetry† from University of Oxford focuses on writing devices and how to use them. If you trust university education more than private courses, than this course might be better for you. After completing it, you will feel more confident in your writing skills, learn different types of verse forms and poetic structures. â€Å"Poetry writing course† from London School of Journalism consists of 8 lessons. It is a complete course that walks you through from the basics to getting published. If you want to find your personal style this one is definitely for you. â€Å"ENGL 310: Modern Poetry† is one of the introductory courses from Yale University. It consists of 25 free lectures and an exam. The course is useful for people who would like to get acquainted with authors of modern poetry and find inspiration in their writing. â€Å"Writing and reading poetry†, interestingly enough, is yet another poetry writing course from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It has an emphasis on practice of making poetry and analyzing 20th century poetry. This course is more useful for students, who already know everything in theory and want to start practicing. If you want to start writing poems or you do, but feel like something is missing from your work, or you just cant get published for some reason, take up an online course. Fill the gaps in your knowledge or skills. On another note, in an auditorium, you will have to share your progress with a bunch of other students. If you are a beginner and feel intimidated with taking a creative group course, an online programme is a good place to start. Visit our trustworthy writing service to buy student essays online if you need help with writing your academic papers.

Essay Lottery Idea

Idea of Lottery Some people like to make a quick buck without toiling much. But the majority work hard to earn a living. Both of them cannot understand the other point of view. Those who don’t like to work cannot understand how the other group can toil all day long just to earn some money when there are other methods like lottery and gambling to make money quickly. Oh the other hand, those who believe in hard work cannot understand how people can hope to survive without working hard. It is true that people have to work hard to live a proper life and become successful. So many people have shown by example that it can be done. There are thousands of millionaires and less number of billionaires throughout the world history, who were able to amass wealth through their hard work and ingenuity. They have demonstrated to the world that man can succeed against all odds and become hugely successful. People who believe in the lottery and gambling, on the other hand, depend on luck and destiny to become rich. They lack any kind of self-confidence and wait for providence to smile at them. They are not sure when or if that would ever happen. But they are always eagerly waiting for it to happen. They would rather wait patiently than do anything constructive that can make them successful. Therefore, lottery and other kinds of get-rich-quick schemes simply destroy people’s will to work and succeed in life. People are lulled into a state of expectancy where they do nothing but wait for something to happen. To my mind, this method is extremely unreliable and it is always better to control your life on your own, than simply to wait for some fictional chance to become rich.

“AP” By John Updike Presents Readers With A Straightforward

â€Å"AP† by John Updike presents readers with a straightforward narrative structure that features striking characterization. The first paragraphs contain eloquent descriptions of Queenie and her friends’ physical characteristics and the alluring draw of their blatant sexuality on display. However, a deeper and more specific kind of characterization comes to the forefront as the story develops. The text contains perceptive character profiles of the various types of newly emerging American consumers. â€Å"AP† was published in 1961. This was a time of rapidly expanding American consumerism and an unquenchable thirst for countless products and services. Lengel, the manager, is a businessman who, within limits, benefits from the capitalist system he†¦show more content†¦Sex appeal holds the boys’ attention as the girls walk around the store; however, it is this sexuality framed against the context of capitalism that stirs Sammy to quit his job. There are multiple moments in the text that offer visual images of this melding of capitalism and sex. Sammy describes the oddity of seeing a bathing suit, not on the beach, but parading around the AP â€Å"under the fluorescent lights, against all those stacked packages† (Updike 296). Or again when Queenie retrieves a folded dollar bill from the â€Å"hollow at the center of her nubbled pink top† (Updike 297). These descriptive passages embody the merging of sexuality and consumerism that drives the story. They also serve as perfect visual representations of the inherent nature of capitalism’s influence on consumers: i.e., always in the background but never the less forcibly present, or inescapable. Tyson makes a point about how dangerous it is for capitalism to exist as a â€Å"distant backdrop† in society (Tyson 133). In this way, capitalism influences people without their conscious knowledge, therefore leaving them ill equipped to tangibly understand a nd resist its influence. This is the exact dilemma in which Sammy finds himself at the end of the story. The capitalist system that thrives in Updike’s â€Å"AP† is also portrayed more traditionally and straightforward at various other points in the story.

1.Oxidation is when a substance gains oxygen, lose Essay Example For Students

1.Oxidation is when a substance gains oxygen, lose Essay s electrons, and itsoxidation state increases after a reaction. One example of an oxidation reaction is:C + O2CO2(s)(g)(g)In this reaction, the carbon has become oxidised (gained oxygen) and itsoxidation state has changed from 0 to +4. Explosive reactions are oxidation reactions that happen very quickly andexothermically, and where more gases are released to cause greaterpressure, and thus an explosion. An example of this is the ignition of black powder:KNO3 + 3C + SK2S + N2 + 3CO2 (s)(s)(s)(s)(g)(g)Source 1In this reaction, The C and S are fuels and the KNO3 is an oxidiser. Theproducts are mainly gases, which cause an increase in pressure. Thereaction happens quickly because there is oxygen contained in the reactantKNO3, this means the oxygen is available immediately, which allows the Cand S to burn extremely quickly. The extent of explosive reactions depend on the speed of the reaction,energy released, and amount of pressure created due to the production ofgases. 2. The earliest explosive is believed to have been invented in Chinacenturies ago. This was named black powder which is composed of compressedpotassium nitrate, Sulphur and Charcoal. This was used for centuries forfireworks and warfare. One problem with it being used in warfare was that the explosion produced alot of smoke, which obscured sight. In battles where there was extensiveuse of black powder (or gun powder when used in guns as a propellant) thegrounds were covered in smoky fog. Nitrocellulose (or Gun cotton) was accidentally discovered by Dr ChristianSchnbein in 1846 when he was experimenting with acids at home. Hisdiscovery led to the research of Nitrocellulose in the 1860s for use inwarfare. A year later, Ascanio Sobrero was also experimenting with concentratedacids, mixing nitric and sulphuric acid together, along with glycerine (amore chemically accurate name is glycerol as it was later discovered to bean alcohol). He found that this yellow oil was a very unpredictable explosive that couldbe detonated by the touch of a feather. This new explosive was namedNitroglycerine. Later, a scientist called Alfred Nobel continued Sobreros research, makingNitroglycerine safe by mixing it with Kieselguhr (a silica-based mineral,similar to clay). The resulting paste was shaped into rods to form sticksof dynamite which would only detonate when intended. Nobel had invented thefirst safe high explosive. This explosive was difficult to detonate withfire or a fuse, and so Nobel used a smaller explosion to detonate theDynamite. He used small amounts of black powder to do this. This was later made more effective by replacing the Kieselguhr withsubstances that had similar properties but would themselves burn orexplode. This was called Dynamite no.2. He later thought of usingcollodion, partially nitrated cellulose, instead of fully nitratedcellulose. The result was a stiff jelly-like mass called blasting jelly,which was more effective than dynamite, for both the nitroglycerine and thecollodion were explosive. By the 20th century, black powder used in guns was replaced by smokelesspowder made from Nitrocellulose. Unlike black powder, this explosive couldbe detonated by percussion, therefore a fuse was unnecessary. The British army developed smokeless powder called cordite in the 1880s,made from Cellulose trinitrate and glycerol trinitrate. The end product is not in fact an explosive, but merely a very rapidignition that creates pressure from the produced gases. Source 2During the second world war, TNT (trinitrotoluene) was developed, which hasNO2 nitro groups and not -O-NO2. Because it does not react with metals andhas a melting point of 81oc, it could be poured into metal artillery shellsand bombs. .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 , .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 .postImageUrl , .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 , .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75:hover , .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75:visited , .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75:active { border:0!important; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75:active , .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75 .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab0a0cc6304beb0b8ea77b248bb88a75:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ALS DISEASE Oral Notes Essay3. For a reaction to be explosive, it must happen extremely quickly, itmust be exothermic (heat discharged), and gases must be produced. The reaction can happen quickly because the oxygen source is containedwithin the reactants. This is because the oxygen is available immediately. The more oxygen available, that faster the reaction can happen. For the reaction to be exothermic, bonds in the molecules must be broken,causing heat energy to be released. How much energy released depends on thebond enthalpies between each atom. For example the N-O bond has an enthalpy of +214kJ mol-1, the N=O has+587kJ mol-1. When hot gases are produced in a confined space there is a big rise inpressure. When this happens very quickly, it can be called an explosion. Nitroglycerine C3H5N3O93CO2 + 21/2H2O + 11/2N2 + 1/2O2(l)(g) (g) (g)(g)1 mol of liquid 7.25 mols of gasThis equation shows how 1mol of Nitroglycerine, a high explosive, produces7.25mols of gas, whereas black powder only produces 4mols of gas from 5molof reactants:KNO3 + 3C + SK2S + N2 + 3CO2 (s)(s)(s)(s)(g)(g)5mol of solid1mol of solid, 4 of gas4. Propanone was in demand during the first world war and new methods ofproduction had to be invented. Previously propanone was produced by the drydistillation of wood excluding air. In 1914 Chaim Weizman used bacterial fermentation of starch from maize toproduce propanone. Later on, a lack of Maize resulted in the use of conkersusing the same process. This however was less efficient. Later, propanone was produced by passing propan-2-ol vapours over a coppercatalyst. The source of the propan-2-ol is propene, a result of crude oilcracking. 5. Safety during the development of these explosives was relatively poor,as some scientists would experiment in their own homes, despite workingwith dangerous and explosive chemicals. There were many accidents,including that of Nobels factory which resulted in the ban of explosivemanufacture near residential areas in Sweden. Those manufacturing some of these explosives also had illnesses such as NGhead where Nitroglycerine was produced. However, Nitroglycerine can be used beneficially in the treatment of anginapectoris. The production of TNT caused headaches, anaemia and skin irritation in theworkers. Nowadays there are strict regulations enforced by the Healthy and SafetyExecutive, which provides detailed information on dangers of explosives andprotection of workers against chemical effects. Source 3___________Sources:1. http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/sep99/937019405.Ch.r.html2. http://www.chuckhawks.com/smokeless_powder.htm3. http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragcwh/hazards/haz5.htmSalters Advanced Chemistry: Chemical Ideas book was also used as areference. Page 1 word count: 454Page 2 word count: 346Page 3 word count: 178Total word count: 978 (excluding equations)Explosives and their History

The Massacre in El Mozote as Told by Mark Danner Essay Example

The Massacre in El Mozote as Told by Mark Danner Paper The Massacre at El Mozote as told by Mark Danner takes place El Salvador. El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America. It shares borders with Guatemala and Honduras. El Salvador is divided into 14 departments and El Mozote is a village in one of the Departments called Morazan. According to the author, the Salvadoran Civil War 1979-1992 was a conflict waged by the Military led Government of El Salvador and coalition of left-leaning militias or guerillas called the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN). The FMLN was supported by peasants and indigenous Indian people. The United States supported the El Salvador Military government. The tensions between the classes, the halves and the halve-nots are therefore represented by the two warring factions. The harrowing events in Mark Danner’s Massacre at El Mozote investigates and questions three central issues; the Massacre, the role of American Policies in the region during the Cold War and the executive cover-up of the events as Propaganda. One of the concerns is what responsibility (if any) did the U. S. government have for the massacre at El Mozote? El Mozote was â€Å"uniquely† different from most villages because it had resisted the Liberation Theology taught by left-leaning Catholic Priests and according to the author was â€Å"as as stronghold of the Protestant evangelical movement† (pg 19) . The villagers of El Mozote had their own chapel and referred themselves as born-again Christians and as Danner states were known for â€Å"their anti-communism† (pg 19). The villagers of El Mozote did not support the guerillas. We will write a custom essay sample on The Massacre in El Mozote as Told by Mark Danner specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Massacre in El Mozote as Told by Mark Danner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Massacre in El Mozote as Told by Mark Danner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Danner the Massacre at El Mozote takes place when American trained Salvadoran Armed forces called the Atlacatl Batallion arrived at the village and began systematically killing men, women and children by various means such as torturing, hangings, decapitation, and shooting. The U. S government was responsible for the massacre at El Mozote for a plethora of reasons. First, The Reagan administration was well aware of the geopolitical consequences of ceding El Salvador to â€Å"communist subversion in the hemisphere† (pg 40). Also, the growing presence of the Soviets and Cuba in Nicaragua escalated the cold war and in order to ‘draw the line† the Reagan administration â€Å"doubled economic aid for El Salvador to a hundred and forty four million dollars† (pg 40). According to Danner, â€Å"the priorities of American Policy in El Salvador had become unmistakable† (pg 41). Second, The American government was â€Å"opposed to dispatching American combat forces to Central America† (pg 22) and in order to prevent another Nicaragua, Congress agreed to â€Å"reform† the Salvadoran Army by financing, training and arming its troops to fight the FMLN. As Danner notes, â€Å"the Americans had stepped forward to fund the war, but were unwilling to fight it†. Third, the Monterrosa led Atlacatl led batallion through American funding descended in El Mozote with â€Å"the latest M-16’s, M-60 machines guns, 90 millimeter recoilless rifles, and 60- and 81 millimeter mortars†(pg 39) and with a list of names massacred an entire village because â€Å"communism was cancer†(pg 49). The U. S. government was clearly responsible for the Massacre at El Mozote because without the funding, supporting, and training of El Salvador troops the war would have been tilted in the guerillas favor as they had managed to hold the disorganized army in certain areas. In contrast to neighboring departments El Mozote and its inhabitants of born-again Christians did not fit in as guerilla sympathizers. In fact, the training at American hands is questionable because the manner in which the massacre is carried with soldiers tying ropes on trees, using machetes, slitting throats of innocent villagers is not a tactic of warfare I believe America utilizes. The Cold War was about ideology and the El Salvador Army believed it was â€Å"killing Salvadorans who were sympathetic to the insurgents† (pg 53). The El Salvador Army with the support of American resources violated the rules of war in killing an entire village â€Å"without trial or investigation, simply because of the political sympathies of some of their number† (pg 53). The killings carried out by the Atlacatl Batallion in El Mozote were not justice but a contravention of Human Rights. The massacre was reported by Washington Post and the New York times as told to them by Rufina Amaya Marquez, a witness of what had occurred at El Mozote. The response by the American government to news of the massacre was first denial and then portrayal of those reports as â€Å"Propaganda† by â€Å"journalist advocates† sympathetic to the guerillas cause. As the author notes, the geopolitical stakes in Central America and ensuing debate in congress did not leave the White House many options albeit cable reports and first witness accounts of the massacre in El Mozote and La Joya. According to Howard Lane, the Public Affairs Officer in the Embassy, the American Embassy was well informed as to who was orchestrating the killings especially after the murder of Archbishop Oscar Romero as he said Mass (pg 28). The first reports from radio Venceremos estimated Atlacatl as having â€Å"massacred a thousand peasants and various amlets and villages†(pg 87) but according to Danner the commandates believed â€Å"that many hundreds had died†(pg 87). The U. S government clearly shares responsibility for the Massacre at El Mozote because as the author notes ‘it was congress that voted the money that paid for the American guns and helicopters and military advisers† (pg 90) with the false pretense of putting an end â€Å"tort ure and murder of Salvadoran Citizens† (pg 90) with the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. I believe the American response to news of the Massacre as inadequate because of the massive cover-up by both Deane Hinton, The United States Ambassador to El Salvador and White House. Deane Hinton had recently taken up the post and â€Å"Credibility at the embassy was a special concern† (pg 116) and according to Greentree, Hinton was â€Å"the guy who sets the standards† (pg 116). Nonetheless, Greentree as junior officer â€Å"provided the reporting that would enable the government to deny† the massacre at El Mozote despite his belief that the Embassy was under immense pressure. The Embassy was aware of the massacre but responded to the news of the massacre by suppressing â€Å"what was inconvenient† which was the truth of what had happened. As Greentree states, â€Å"the guerillas were trying to make us look as bad as possible† (pg 104). Moreover, on his way back from the refugee camp McKay was of the impression something horrendous had transpired and alluding to Morazan stated â€Å"the fear was overriding and we sensed it and we could tell that that fear was not instilled by the guerillas† (pg 108) as proof of a killing had taken place. The justifications given for the cover-up of the massacre by the American Government is akin to being a complicit in the Human Right violations of the villagers of El Mozote. Also, as Danner notes, â€Å"the cable supplied†¦arguments that they might find useful in impeaching the press accounts of El Mozote† (pg 117). The remarks by McKay show the length the U. S. government went to discredit the numbers reported in Washington Times â€Å"as pure Marxist propaganda devoid of foundation† (pg 126). The American government could deny any Human Right violations had occurred in the hands of American trained Atlacatl as long as â€Å"the overwhelming number of deaths is never legally accounted for by clear or coherent evidence† (pg 125). In the end, the Human Right organizations, Americas Watch, and Amnesty International reports were attacked, smeared and painted as fabrications â€Å"without historical reference†(pg 124). I am of the believe that Congress and White House under the leadership of President Ronald Reagan did not want to be seen as losing the Cold War with Russia’s recent foray into Afghanistan. As a result Congress did not scrutinize the Certification the President sent them to show that El Salvador was complying with â€Å"internationally recognized Human Rights† and Congress rather than side with the truth shirked its responsibility even when the choice was clear a massacre had occurred at El Mozote.

The Greater East Asia War And The A-Bomb Essays - Free Essays

The Greater East Asia War And The A-Bomb Essays - Free Essays The Greater East Asia War And The A-Bomb 3. The Greater East Asia War and the A-Bomb 3.1 The Greater East Asia war Along with expansion of its role as a military city, Hiroshima became a modern city. After the Manchurian Incident, the Shanghai Incident, and the outbreak of the full-scale war between Japan and China, the Japanese army and navy launched an attack on the northen Malay Peninsula and attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 8, 1941 (Japan time). Japan rushed into the Greater East Asia War (the Pacific War). In Hiroshima, a center of military affairs since the Sino-Japanese and the Russo-Japanese wars, military installations were expanded and various heavy industries developed rapidly. In 1942, a Marine headquarters (under the command of Lieutenant General Fumio Saeki) was set up in Ujina, and related units were placed on the coast around Hiroshima City. Later, when the atomic bomb was dropped, these units, located about 4 kilometers away from the city, escaped destruction. They sent out relief squads and took a very active part in aiding the wounded, clearing the dead bodies and cleaning the streets. 3.2 Preparations for the Decisive Battle on the Mainland After the outbreak of the war, the air defense setup of the city was rapidly strengthened and was much stronger than in other cities. However, after Japan, which had been victorious in the early stages of the war, lost the battle of Guadalcanal in 1943, the military situation grew steadily worse, and it appeared that the mainland of Japan would be turned into a battlefield. The army hurriedly prepared for a decisive battle on the mainland. With these preparations Hiroshima was to take on a new role. Japan was divided into two parts; the First General Headquarters was placed in Tokyo, and the Second General Headquarters (under the command of Marshal Shunroku Hata) in Hiroshima, where the headquarters of the Chugoku District Governor-General (led by Isei Otsuka), the highest administrative body commissioned by the central government, was also established. In 1944, U.S. forces occupied Saipan, the last strategic point of the Japanese army on the south Pacific front, and established an air base from which to attack the mainland of Japan. In November full-scale air raids were begun, devastating the cities of Japan one by one. Under such conditions, Hiroshima City began the evacuation of students above the third grade of elementary school and of other citizens whose presence was not essential. With the threat of incendiary bombings, demolition of buildings to make fire lanes was carried out on a wide scale. For the demolition of buildings, volunteer army corps in various places, organized according to the National Volunteer Army Conscription Law, and mobilized students of various middle schools and girls' schools were gathered to engage in the work each day. An evacuation plan for citizens was made in preparation for the outbreak of a major conflagration caused by air raids. The evacuation destination of each neighborhood association was specified in advance in order to avoid confusion. The evacuation of people that had been organized at the outset of the air raids was prohibited near the end of the war in order to secure personnel necessary for air defense. 3.3 Demolition of Hiroshima On August 6 1945, one atomic bomb instantly destroyed almost all of the houses and buildings in Hiroshima. They caught fire immediately and were reduced to ashes. In the case of wooden houses, those which were within one kilometer of the hypocenter were smashed at the moment of the explopsion. Those in the area between one kilometer and two kilometers from the hypocenter were completely destroyed. Those in the area two to three kilometers away were severely damaged. Even houses three to four kilometers from the center of the explosion were badly damaged. In the case of reinforced concrete buildings, the roofs of those near the center of the explosion collapsed. Some of the buildings were flattened and became piles of rubble. A fierce fire followed destruction by the violent blast caused by the explosion. Every building within one kilometer of the hypocenter was totally destroyed by the fire whether it was wooden or reinforced concrete. The buildings located one to two kilometers from the

Economics of Transition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics of Transition - Essay Example This competition not only transformed the contours of politics in the twentieth century but also led to the creation of two parallel and competing economic systems. Transition can be defined as the race of transformation of centrally planned economies into free markets. Such a transformation can be seeing as occurring after the political events that decimated the Soviet Iron Curtain. Transition is characterized by liberalization, macro-economic stabilization, restructuring and privatization and legal and institutional reforms. Countries have employed disparate transition models owing to the distinct initial circumstances that prevailed at the time when transition process materialized. Moreover, transition circumstances can also be seen as the product of the country’s peculiar socio-economic realities. While some countries like China embraced a slow and steady economic transformation approach, others like Russia adopted an aggressive and speedy model. It was envisaged that a sw ift approach could be undertaken for the privatization of small corporate entities as well as liberalization of prices and macro-economic stabilization, without encountering much economic problems (International Monetary Fund, 2000, p.3). The significance of transition for these economies can be attributed to the fact that any immature measures for transition tend to lead to economic collapse. This was all the more clear for example in the Russian banking sector failure in the late nineties. This paper will analyse how rent-seeking activities of financial institutions can have a bearing on hardening budget constraints in the transitional process. 2. Soft and Hard Budget constraints It was Kornai who invented the term ‘soft budget constraint’ to elucidate economic behaviour of the communist economies. This concept is deemed as the focal point of the subject of transition from socialist to capitalist economies. The term itself is derived from microeconomic terminology to shed light on a pragmatic economic social syndrome. The necessity of implementing hard budget constraints is accentuated repeatedly in relation to transition of socialist economies. The disintegration of the banking sector of East Asian economies during the nineties era can be comprehended by studying soft budget constraints (Kornai et al., 2003, p.54). The soft budget hypothesis denotes a condition under which firms incurring losses are bailed out by banks. Banks can undertake this role in both, capitalist and socialist economies. However, its repercussions in socialism make it a potential problem since banks are compelled by the state to rescue loss-making entities, for safeguarding employment or pursing other aims. The entanglement of state and banking into one entity means that any failure on the part of the banks will reflect clearly in the finances of the state. Typical failure in these circumstances leads to massive cuts in social sector development. Under a soft budget const raint, capital is injected in the loss making firm by the banks to keep them afloat and in a position to pay taxes, therefore acting as a disincentive for privatization. Research on the issue practically proves by applying a model based on the local authorities, a bank and firm (Brandt et al., 2003, p.13). The bank managers’ propensity to lend loans to private firms rather than SOEs will escalate as

The origins of Industrial revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The origins of Industrial revolution - Essay Example Perhaps the first pastoral of its kind, if taken negatively, it would mean destruction of Luke and Michael both to some extent, as Luke could not live a positive life away from it and Michael could not live without the landscape and his son. The unprecedented evolving of society was diminishing the pastoral lifestyle in the late 18th century, and while mountains and land remained the same, shepherds and their herd were disappearing from the landscape. It was too early for the land to go through a transition, although industrial revolution was taken root in cities and was spilling over to rural space. The story is of Michael, a highly principles shepherd who lived with his wife and son, and had to send the son away to pay a debt on land. Luke was expected to go to industrial city to earn money and return to his land. But Luke fails to do so, falling prey into pitfalls of industrialization and fails to return home with the result that both his doting parents die heartbroken. A real event made Wordsworth to narrate the story with simple pathos. The effect of nature on man is highly evident, manipulating and overpowering him, to such an extent that when he is planted away from familiar space, he would be out of depth like Luke. The effect is powerful, overbearing and unbroken. With the advent of industrial revolution, Nature was losing its precious part, animals, and the continuation of pastoral human life that tended them. But there were choices in front of present generation represented by Luke, who had to choose between land and faraway options and this choice never existed for earlier generations and here industrial revolution becomes an alternative provider. "Though the industrial and agrarian revolutions may not have changed the appearance of the Lake District, they claimed the peasants' children. And the break-up of the family was a change which Wordsworth felt must be resisted," John Purkis (1970, p.57. When Michael was written, Britain was already going through the initial days of modernity and was losing her local identities and ecological landscapes. Wordsworth was aware that rural communities were losing their tie with land and were drifting towards cities. . REALISM Realism that reproduced visuals as eye sees it, almost photographic came into prominence in mid 19th century and continued beyond it and still remains as one the most favored form of art. Gustave Courbet who is revered as almost the initiator of Realism was unpredictable in his art. His Burial at Omans is perhaps the most impressive piece connected with the ongoing industrial revolution of the time. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/C/courbet/ornans.jpg.html Industrial Revolution had ushered in a sense of irreverence, acute reality, hardship and indifference in the society. It had defied the conventional piety, respect, honour and devotion and more than that, it has negated the class differences and gender equality is more pronounced with women opting to work. This made women more visible in all places, places of trade, mourning, market, and travel. Industrial revolution had introduced a defiant commonality into the European societies and the above painting

Introduction to MS project 2003 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Introduction to MS project 2003 - Assignment Example This software was programmed to help its users to improve their operations in the business world, this software was meant to raise the profile of various services and products. With Microsoft Project 2003, one can create a new system, improve customers experience and expectations and also engage in any activity that is towards improving the customer’s efforts. Whenever any project is in session, it is important to give out reports about the project itself when using this program. For one to be able to see all the reports while using this program, they just click on the view button. From this point, they will be able to select the stories then they at the same time select the category that they require (Culp & VTC Incorporated 2005). This software also uses what is known as the assessment process, in that the program can constitute the development of projects bit by bit but in a perfect way. At the same time, the software is built with a compensation plan, this is a component that is capable of working well in a network marketing. This makes it be the best even though other versions are coming up, that are best and easy to operate than this version. The versions are also have an friendly interface. To conclude, this Microsoft Project 2003, is useful for business management. It is more efficient in the world of project management, and many business oriented companies that would want to succeed should consider

Heart Imagery in Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Heart Imagery in Great Expectations The heart is a symbolic barometer in Great Expectations that carries us from chapter to pulsating chapter. The novel's characters are forever wearing their hearts on their sleeves and in the process end up baring their souls within the text itself, and without, to the reader. What is the significance of hearts and their many states as described when Pip unfolds his own dramatic rags-to-riches-to-grace tale? Several scenes probe Miss Havisham's psyche with words about the condition of her heart. By analyzing them, we may be able to guess to what purpose Charles Dickens employs the heart imagery so frequently and so effectively. Â   For all the allusions which connect Miss Havisham to death-upon seeing her at the dressing table, Pip is immediately reminded of "some ghastly waxwork" and "a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress," (93) -she is far from dead. Keeping her alive is the promise of youth: Estella and Pip. The promise the children give Miss Havisham, however, is not wholesome or optimistic, and neither is her communication with them. The first thing Miss Havisham reveals to Pip is that she suffers from a broken heart, "[uttering] the word...with strong emphasis, and with a weird smile that had a kind of boast," (94). This seems an odd confession for an adult to heave upon a child. Private miseries are kept quiet in order to spare children from the harsh reality of adult life. Â   But Miss Havisham is not worried about sparing anyone. Because she holds the family fortune, no one will insist that she snap out of her reverie of grief. Her intention is that Estella will learn to break men's hearts as recompense for Miss Havisham's having been broken. She admits to "sick fancies," and her demeanor so troubles Pip that he remarks, "Her contempt for me was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it" (95). Yet Pip is ready to forgive Miss Havisham for reducing him to self-hatred, even on that very first day: He tells us that as she watches the card game, Miss Havisham had "the appearance of having dropped... under the weight of a crushing blow" (96). Her posture softens him and he returns to Satis House over and over, even as he knows he is "under" the house's "influence" and it makes him "continue at heart to hate [his] trade" (158).

Should Compulsory Military Service Be Abolished?

Should compulsory military service be abolished ? (ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY) The problem of compulsory military service has always been a controversial issue. Some people strongly support this idea while others are definitely against it. Although it has been claimed that the military service should be compulsory because of its benefits to governments, compulsory military service shouldn’t be abolished because of its limitations to citizens. It is commonly maintained that compulsory military service affects government’s economy in positive way, yet military service is cheaper than mandotary in long-term.Supporters of compulsory military service believe that mandotary military service is a must for countries to develop their economy. The choices of developing countries could be a good example for benefits of compulsory military service. Developing countries mostly prefer compulsory military service to grow their economy. Portugal is one of the these countries. Since Portugal m oved on to free military service there is a rapidly increase in civilian wages. However United States shows that countries can have both powerful economy and strong military power despite using free military service.According to Chapman, the cost of a volunteer is more expensive than full-time soldiers. (2002) Another argument widely claimed against abolishing compulsory military service is based on the assumption that young people could improve themselves physically and psychologically, pn the other hand it may cause harmful consequences on many sensitive young men. Proponents of compulsory military service claim that personality of young men would be developed during military service.They think that military service would make young men disciplined and principled. Laar stated â€Å"During the course of compulsory military service, a number of skills required for civilian life are acquired. † (2011) According to Kelty, Kleykamp and Segal, military service is an experience th at turns youth to adults. (2010) Nevertheless, compulsory military service may cause permanent problems in young people’s character and their lives. Forcing sensitive young men to strict the rules may lead to terrible damage to their psyche or even suicide.Citizens aren’t free to choose how they live in the countries using mandotary military service. They would be forced to something against their plans and they can’t live their lives how they wish. Other frequently heard arguments in support of compulsory military service is its necessity to protect national security against threats, yet it is unnecessary to maintain large armies because the strength of the country doesn’t depend on the manpower of an army; it is related to skills and knowledge of experts who are specially educated.A common claim is that compulsory military service is necessary to protect national security against threats. They think that the increased number of soldiers helps to fight a gainst terrorizm. It can frighten enemies to have a great number of soldiers. However, maintaining large permanent armies is not essential in our age because technology is developed. Nucleer weapons are one of the high-tech weapons and they can be operated by a small force.Professional soldiers are specially educated to operate complicated missles of an intercontinental range so the number of the soldiers is not so important. For exapmle Turkey is one of the countries that have increased number of soldiers but they can’t eliminate terrorizm in many years. In conclusion, best opinion would be forming smaller professional armies consisting of young men who like military life and who can easily adopt to hard conditions. Everyone should be granted freedom of choice and not forced to do something against his plans or nature.

Making An Award Winning Customer Services - 985 Words

A very important part of any successful bank is to provide help and support to their customer whenever and wherever they are to require it, and so to be able to provide an award winning customer services would create a better experience to the customer, and consequently creating ripple effect, first by creating a satisfied customer, to which ensures to increase a customer s chance to increase his/her business with the bank and therefore increasing the the organization revenue, and also to increase the institution net promoter score, to which the bank service have provided both a happy customer, and also a promoter of the bank which helps it to attain and acquire new customers due to current customer appraisal of the bank which lead to the new relations created by the bank. I work as a credit card associate for one of the major banks within Toronto, my job tasks ranges within its complexities, from as simple as to providing up to date balance of an account to major request such as providing insurance or dealing with a case of fraud and its many levels. The associate work as the first point of contact for the customer, or if you are willing the, the associate will act as the face of the bank, it is important for the agent way of completing tasks or procedure to come both professionally and pleasantly with the customer, after all, you are representing the bank, as your own attitude and behaviour will be reflected as to the bank’s own. Furthermore, the role also splits into aShow MoreRelatedMarketing Concept From The List Supplied By Your Seminar Tutor1461 Words   |  6 Pagespublic medium promoting a product, service, or event†. 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Kia has been manufacturing a whole range of cars to meet the expectation of all age and budgetRead MoreThe Customer Service Department of a Business Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesThe Customer Service Department of a Business Customer service, a department within a company, which tries to ensure that customers are happy, both with the goods or the service the business/company is providing, also the manner in which the manner they are served by employees and the company approach towards them. All businesses need customers to buy their products and services. In order to do this companys and businesses must treat customers respectively so thatllRead MoreStrategic Management Case Analysis For Jetblue. Daniel’S:1482 Words   |  6 PagesNewAir places an order for 75 new A320 aircraft with Airbus Industry, and leasing arrangements for another eight aircraft. This approach was in line with other domestic airlines for low-cost air travel, but he wanted it be unique in its services. 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Claiming Victory of the Cold War Essay - 1028 Words

Claiming Victory of the Cold War What has been termed as â€Å"the long peace† by some has proven to be the most intense time period in world history. A historical rarity, two superpowers fought rigorously across the globe for support, each carving out their own sphere of influence. The bi-polar of international affairs resulted in an arms buildup between the United States and the Soviet Union; including weapons that exceeded the atomic bomb, then the most effective and destructive weapon in price and devastation. Yet, to everyone’s surprise, the Cold War abruptly ended in 1990 with the collapse of the Soviet Union under its own economic weakness, its political conflict, and military farce. A decade later, we ask: Who can claim†¦show more content†¦In order to give such a question its proper justice, we must first explore the world near the end and directly following the second world war, the landscape, which in fact, birthed the Cold War. The second World War against Nazi aggression was f ought by the Allies on two fronts; The British and Americans pushing from the West, the Soviets, alone, fighting German troops on the East. By 1945, without aid from the US or the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union began to gradually push the Nazi forces back West, as he other Allies pushed from the beaches of Normandy. Soviet troops would eventually occupy much of Eastern Europe, to the dismay of Roosevelt and Churchill. At Yalta, Stalin assured free elections in the region following the unconditional surrender of Germany. At Yalta, also, is where the Soviets, along with the English pledged support towards the United States in the Pacific Ocean. It was at this point in the war that the United States and the Soviet Union began competition, and possibly even earlier since the implementation of Lend Lease. Firstly, the United States, without informing Joseph Stalin, sent two atomic bombs on Japan, one on Hiroshima and the other on Nagasaki. Stalin’s ignorance, perhaps, was a ploy of the United States government, which feared the presence of Soviet troops in the region, believing that the Soviet Union would want territorial concessions in Asia as they did in Europe. The Soviets responded at war’s end when, while he restShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Vietnam War1673 Words   |  7 Pagescharacter of the NLF and its relationship to the Communists in Hanoi has caused considerable debate among scholars, anti-war activists, and policymakers. From the birth of the NLF, government officials in Washington claimed that Hanoi directed the NLFs violent attacks against the Saigon regime. In a series of government White Papers, Washington insiders denounced the NLF, claiming that it was merely a puppet of Hanoi and that its non-Communist elements were Communist dupes. 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Offner, his simplistic answer is an obvious â€Å"yes.† â€Å"Taking Sides† is a controversial aspect of the authorâ€⠄¢s interpretation for justifying his position and perception of â€Å"Truman’s† actions. This political approach is situated around the â€Å"Cold War† era in which the author scrutinizes, delineates, and ridicules his opponents by claiming â€Å"I have an ace in the hole and one showing† (SoRelle 313). Both authors provide theRead MoreAnalysis Of Sophocles Antigone, Creon, The King Of Thebes1280 Words   |  6 Pagessymbolic victory against the Russian team during the Cold War. In this movie, the writer s political beliefs can be drawn from the coach s pregame speech, â€Å"Tonight, we are the greatest hockey team in the world.† He continues to say, â€Å"This is your time. Their time is done. It s over. I m sick and tired of hearing about what a great hockey team the Soviets have† (Guggenheim). 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Essay On The Story Of Chapter 1 - 880 Words

â€Å" Oh hurry hurry she is on the beach now, and you still must do your hair. Hurry up, hurry up.† exclaimed Mrs. Beaver. The Queen had finally made it out of her room and Mrs. Beaver had borrowed the Queen brush and had groomed her fur so she looks nice, not like Ilsa’s lunch. As Ilsa walked through the doorway she said in a silky smooth voice â€Å" Your Highness. I have carried very grave news all the way here to you.† â€Å" Oh what!?† the queen exclaimed â€Å" The South Kingdom is planning an attack on you.† â€Å" GRIF! Get the troops ready for battle! I want giants, centaurs, animals, dwarfs, and the trees ready for battle for when the South battle troops come. They will have nightmares for the rest of their days after this battle they planned.† â€Å" Yes†¦show more content†¦Would you like to have a ocean view or a forest view?† â€Å" A room that is near the door and with a forest view so I can watch the forest for any sign of disturbance throughout the night.† replied Ilsa. So the Queen Kayley had plans made for Ilsa to stay at the castle. The Queen also had extra guards around the castle so at least they had time to fend off the intruders before reinforcements came to help. So the Queen finally feel asleep knowing she was safe because the great white tiger was there to help. It was clear to the Queen that when she woke up she needed to set more laws and make a peace treaty to sign with the South. So she got up and dressed in a pale pink dress that dragged out behind her, but under she was wearing the fuzzy pink unicorn slippers that Lauren a little village girl had given her for her birthday. She also had a fox pair a bunny pair a griffin pair. The fox and bunny pair were from Miss Fox but the griffin pair was from Grif. Of course nobody knew about the slippers that she sometimes wore under her dress except Miss. Fox, Sally, Grif, and her. So as she entered her private study she got her pen and paper and began to write a few laws, and a couple of them were no illegal trade such as trading almost extinct animals and stealing for there will be a punishment if any laws including old are broken. She wrote more but she decided it was time to stop because if she had too many laws the Queen knew she would beShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Story Of Chapter 11486 Words   |  6 PagesShe was intent on her path and hadn’t seen him. Hans pulled back into the side of the cliff wall where the tunnel to the Great Hall had been laid open. He timed his entrance back into the caverns with the shutting-off of his shield and prepared to assault the woman by hand. He’d not risk an exchange of null energy, but the risk of hand-to-hand was certainly just as fatal. He’d have one chance at landing a single blow to take her alive. 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What is foreign Direct Investment Free Essays

string(65) " establish an importer in the foreign country as well as agents\." In their book ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Economy’, Jonathan Jones and Wren Colin argue that foreign direct investment (FDI) is the process where firms or individuals provides capital to an already existing firm or to a newly created firm in another country. Jones J and Wren C (2006, 7). A multinational enterprise (MNE) is the name given to firms who have establishments in more than one country. We will write a custom essay sample on What is foreign Direct Investment? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCED) defined FDI as ‘investment that adds to, deducts from or acquires a lasting interest in an enterprise operating in an economy’. Jones J and Wren C (2006, 8). The foreign investor has a considerable influence in the management. In the wake of globalization the role of FDI’s cannot be underscored in propelling economic growth across the globe. It is estimated that the global inflows from private FDI’s rose from $159 billion in 1991 to a tune of $1. 1 trillion in a decade’s time. The success of any MNE’s will be affected by the approach that the firm uses entering a market. MNE’s must consequently be very keen before making the final decision of which entry method to apply. This paper will focus on elaborating what FDI is as well as highlighting why it is preferred to licensing, exporting or franchising. History has it that initially MNE’s were treated with much suspicion on the basis that probably they were only out to exploit the 3rd world nations but with time countries become most receptive probably due to the benefits accrued. Bora B (2002, 1). The success of any firm or MNE in FDI largely depends on various factors like the degree of competition in the host country. Competition is of much essence as it determines the rate at which the firms are to manipulate their productivity levels, introduce other new production possibilities and consequently create positive spill over effects or externalities on the host countries. Whether the overall effects of FDI are positive or negative remains a highly debatable issue that also depends on whose point of view is being considered. FDI’s have a significant effect on the balance of trade. It is mostly associated with the transfer or export of jobs and some countries may cite ‘brain drain’ as a problem created by FDI. The host country on the other hand might argue that the MNE in question is not to its advantage when it imports labor. FDI’s could be blamed for killing domestic industries especially in cases where MNE’s are able to produce at a lower cost of production and hence produce cheaper and quality products at a lower price than is being offered by the domestic industries. Bora B (2002, 1). However, cases where FDI produces products that are not produced by the host country, then this is to the host country’s advantage. FDI is a very important source of capital as well as the technological know-how or knowledge in various productions. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are vital in influencing or rather determining if a firm is to invest in another country through FDI. Countries with weak protection discourage MNE’s from investing. Bora B (2002, 197). IPR’s are a significant component of the regulatory system in any nation the same way taxes, regulations related to investment, trade policies as well as competition rules are. IPR’s are very essential especially for firms that deal with ‘knowledge based assets’. Countries with weal IPR’s would discourage foreign investors as there are high chances of imitation to counter the MNE’s goods. Strong IPRS could be in the form of patents, copyrights, trade brands or even trademarks. Imitation has a negative effect on the MNE’s as it reduces the market size. Strong IPR’s gives MNE’s a ‘monopoly’ advantage in the market which they can use to increase their profitability levels. Other factors that make foreign firms consider FDI includes the transportation costs incurred. If a foreign firm estimates that the transportation cost would be too high when it exports her products, the FDI could be the better choice. High trade costs also encourage firms or MNE’s to enter foreign countries through FDI. A country where there is a relatively high productivity relative to the labor costs would also be more attractive for firms considering FDI. Low fixed costs of establishing plants are also an incentive to FDI. The major objective for the establishment of any firm is to make profits. Profit which is the difference between the total revenues and total costs will be reduced if costs are high. Firms with consequently try to opt for the options that minimize costs to increase their profits. Low cost of establishments will therefore translate to increased profitability levels. Bora B (2002, 198). The role of IPRS in influencing FDI decisions is however dependent on the kind of business in question. For the firms specializing in hard-to-imitate products the role of IPR’s is lower than for those whose products can be easily imitated. Easy to imitate firms could be those dealing with pharmaceuticals and software. Access to foreign markets could also be influenced by investment regulations where inefficient ones will discourage FDI while efficient ones will attract FDI. Limited rights of establishment will also hinder the market accessibility for MNE’s considering FDI. Trade controls in a nation affect the flow of money in the economy. If there’s limited flow of money in circulation then the demand for productions will be negatively affected. Accessibility to credit has a positive effect on the demand thus triggering increased production. Strict controls on the production as well as on marketing can also influence FDI’s in a country. Countries that control the amount of output or the raw materials to use may affect MNE’s decision of whether to enter a market through FDI. Arbitrary taxes are a disincentive to FDI and so are licensing restrictions. Bora B (2002, 202) When foreign companies use the ‘export’ approach to attain market access in a certain country, it means that they will have to establish an importer in the foreign country as well as agents. You read "What is foreign Direct Investment?" in category "Papers" It could also establish a sales subsidiary in having its goods or services in the market. Licensing on the other hand entails the selection of whether one is to contract a foreign firm to produce for it its products and also carry out the marketing or a firm could also opt for franchising. Wertz B and Wensley R (2002, 458). The need to increase or rather widen their profit levels, seek growth opportunities as well as diversifying risks is what triggers MNE’s to invest in foreign markets. Comparative advantage plays an important role in influencing if firms are to engage in business. Before firms can make concrete decisions about foreign investment they must carry out effective market research regarding the country in question. The quality of infrastructure in the host country also affects the decision of how to gain the market entry. Other important questions a firm should try to answer include whether there are available raw materials as well as energy which would affect the costs of production. Mc Donald et al (2002, 244). The major forms of FDI are joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries. Joint ventures entails the partnership of 2 or more independent firms form a partnership and share resources in the operation of FDI. They could be contractual or equity joint ventures. Using the licensing approach in gaining access to a market involves or rather is characterized by some advantages. It has reduced risks regarding the loss of proprietary knowledge. It allows the firms to have strategic flexibility as it is associated with minimal controls and above all it applies lower amounts of resources as compared to FDI McDonald et al (2002, 229). Environmental factors also have a role to play in influencing firm’s decision regarding which approach to use gaining access in the market. Such factors include the risks in that country, competitive conditions and familiarity with the location. In countries with high risks MNE’s may consider licensing to FDI and the reverse is true. Other factors that may favor licensing include high cultural difference between the host and the home or source country and a declining market demand. In cases where competition is subject to rapid technological as well as regulatory changes, firms may also consider licensing to other approaches of accessing or entering markets. Firms dealing with research and development (RD) intensive ventures will not opt for licensing. Those in areas where there’s homogenous competition conditions as well as demand would least opt for licensing. Licensing would also not be considered in the face of rapid technological change, in countries with deregulation as well as those with political and cultural barriers. Licensing would only be considered when the level of technological process if not complex, where there are harsh environmental conditions and hence it would not be profitable for the firms. It can also be applied in cases of unstable demand. International franchising refers to a situation where a parent company offers or rather grants other companies the right of use to its products, services, trade marks or brand names but in a prescribed manner. In return the mother or parent company gains profits which could be in a lump sum and continued or ongoing fees. Independent firms could be given the mandate to control the franchise or the franchisor could take an equity share where they could have its own managers head some of the outlets. The franchisor could offer knowledge about the business in question, offer marketing support and local exclusivity. They could also offer the firms manuals on how to operate, and continued training. The franchisee must however comply with the franchisor’s set standards and regulations so as not to tarnish its name through poor quality production. The ongoing fees are usually a certain percentage of the total sales made by the franchisee. There are 2 types of franchising. First generation franchising includes those between manufacturers and retailers as well as between wholesalers and retailers. Franchising could be by a trade name or trade mark which is also referred to as second generation franchising or business franchising. Franchising is applicable to both small as well as large firms and favored in cases where the cost of monitoring the managers as well as other employees is high overseas. The major difference between licensing and franchising is that the former receives a ‘proportion’ of the business while the latter attains all there is necessary for the successful running of the business. Licensing ensures limited control over the process of running a business unlike franchising. Selection is also different for licensing and franchising where licensing are self-selective as franchisee are selected the parent company or firm. Licensing is done on already well established firms contrast to franchising which could be on start-up firms (McDonald et al (2002, 233). Parent companies have zero equity in licensing unlike in franchising. Whether a firm is to use exporting as a way of entering a market largely depends on the prevailing trade environment, costs of transportation, risks related foreign exchange as well as threats of non-payment. (McDonald et al (2002, 234). The use of licensing as a market entry strategy is criticized on the grounds that the parent company or firms could be creating its own competitor. However it reduces the political based risks as it is 100% owned by the locals. It’s therefore a best solution or approach for new firms in the market. Licensing earns the firms a minimal income compared to FDI entry. The role of the local government in influencing the kind of entry a foreign company takes is very significant. Countries could treat different entries differently thus encouraging some while discouraging others. Firms may opt for FDI in stable and well established economies as then their costs of operation are likely to be relatively low compared to unstable economies. It is also easier to predict demand in such economies and they can easily make long term decisions unlike in cases of unstable economies. MNE’s with the objective of pursuing a global strategy would favor FDI where they have full control over the running of their firms. The prevailing conditions of a host infrastructure also affect the entry mode. This is because it has a significant influence on the costs incurred thus influencing the MNE’s profitability levels. Factors determining the mode of entry could be social, economical, political or industry specific factors. In their book, ‘International trade’ Luis and Oliva noted that there are two forms of FDI that is the vertical as well as the horizontal FDI. Horizontal FDI is when companies manufacture similar products or services in varying countries while vertical FDI is when firms carry out different stages of production process in various or different countries. Rivera-Batiz L and Oliva M. (2003, 165). FDI is favored over exportation when there are location advantages that significantly lower the trade costs to the target market. Some countries attract FDI through the application of tax breeds. MNE’s will therefore be influenced by such incentives before deciding the entry mode to adopt. Firms will prefer FDI to licensing where ‘arms’ length relationship are very complex or when the agency costs involved are too high. Firms will tend to shy away from licensing when there are unclear or complex contracts that are not specified. If the costs incurred for enforcing the licensing contracts are very high to an extent that is unprofitable for the MNE’s then, FDI is preferred Rivera-Batiz L and Oliva M. (2003, 178). When there are high chances of the host country accessing the technology and knowledge to produce similar products, then the use of licensing must be reconsidered. High competitiveness in the local market can see the competitors offer cheaper but low quality goods to raise the demand. Strong IPR’s can favor FDI to exportation. FDI is beneficial to the host country in the sense that it brings about superior technology that ensures cheaper production of quality goods and services. However the benefits will depend on whether the technology has some positive externalities to the host country or not. Since FDI create competition the positive effects of competition like lowered prices and quality production are ensured. FDI is also associated with positive effects on a country’s investment and exports as well as reducing the foreign exchange gap. How to cite What is foreign Direct Investment?, Papers

Contract Law Community Legislation and Actions

Question: Describe about the legal issues of Florence Treasures it has been found that the trader will face legal issue in future specially in case of intrastate trade which the trader is dealing with the suppliers of Russia? Answer: Introduction The present memorandum of advice (MOA) is framed to instruct Florence Treasures Ltd regarding import laws and International trade Regulations of UK. Florence Treasures Ltd imports jewellery products from countries like Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. As per the Import Law, under the International Trade Law, for products manufactured outside EU and commercially imported into UK should undergo Customs clearance procedures. Thus, the MOA will deal with the ascertainment of the necessity of Import regulations within the contracts with the suppliers (Crawford, 2012). Further, the MOA will also assess the necessity of the legal legislations with regard to purchase of furniture for the London residence from Spain. Florence Treasures Ltd has also entered into a house extension agreement with a Poland based company for extension of the UK residence. Thus, the MOA here targets the necessity of the legislations concerning the Import law, trade law and the house property law in case of any dispute arising within the contract. Summary of advice Florence Treasures Ltd generally imports jewellery goods from three major countries namely Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. In case of any import disputes, resulting between Florence Treasures and the suppliers of these countries relevant legislative norms should be included in the import contract to help Florence Treasures seek legal advice. In this regard, Florence Treasures will be required to frame a legal contract with the suppliers in Russia because as per the International Trade Laws, for trade with any countries outside European Union, the imported products are required to undergo customs clearance process. Thus, if the clearance certificate is not included along with the products imported from Russia, Florence will be legally breaching the International law of Trade (Delfino, 2012). Further, in case of internal trading between the EU countries like Latvia and Lithuania with Florence Treasures, the norms of internal goods dispatch will be applicable. In case of the internal dispatch, the VAT rates will only be applicable. Similarly, in case of the purchase of furniture and house renovation agreement between Florence and Poland Company, the agreement should contain the VAT registration number of the company and provide details on Interstate returns. In this regard, it may be advised that the suppliers of Latvia and Lithuania along with the companies of Spain and Poland are liable to show their return under the Interstate returns. In case if the export arrivals of Florence Treasures exceeds 1.5 million then Florence Treasures will also face legal obligation for not showing the interstate returns and the VAT rate applicability. In assessment of the effect of Import laws and VAT laws within the contract with the suppliers it may be recommended that the import laws may offer restrictions on quantity, impose duties and increase the price of the goods making the jewellery products costlier for Florence Treasures. However, the imposition of the contracts and agreements along with the import laws will not hamper the trading relations between Florence and its suppliers (Hogan, 2011). Cause of action/offences In case of Florence Treasures, interstate trade is taking place between the EU countries namely UK, Latvia and Lithuania. Intrastate trade is taking place between Russia and UK. In case of trade between the interstate countries, Florence is liable to pay VAT on the total purchase (Huberman, 2012). However, since Florence treasures have no legal import contract with the suppliers thus it is uncertain whether the company is a VAT registered company or not. As per the Value added Tax Act, the VAT registration is voluntary and will give the business the opportunity to cover the input tax credit. However, in thus case since Florence Treasures are not registered under the VAT hence the company will not be able to recover the input tax credit. Further, even if the company is registered under the VAT legislations, then as per section 72 (1) of the Value Added Tax act, the evasion of the VAT will be considered as a criminal offense on the part of the company. The owner of Florence Treasures w ill also be convicted to 6 months of imprisonment and monetary fine as a part of the penalty(Calley, 2012). In case of the Russian supplier, Florence Treasures are required to make payment on custom duties and import duties. As per the Customs Civil Evasion Penalty (CCEPs), the EU companies trading with any other company of other countries require to make customs and import duty payments. In this case since Florence Treasures have no legal contract with the Russian suppliers hence the y may face issues relating to non-payment of import duties and custom duties with respect to the import of the jewellery product from Russia. As per the Finance Act 2003, in future circumstances, this may pose as a problem for Florence Treasures and they may be penalised (Chen-Wishart, 2012). In third case, Florence has given a house construction project to a Poland based company for the extension of a UK based house. In case of the extension project the absence of a valid contract between the builder and the owner may put the owner under several future threats. For instance, in this case, the Poland builder may delay the completion time of the construction, the construction may not be in accordance to the provided details or the builder may cheat on the owner. Thus, Florence Treasures is required to maintain a Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) with the proposed builder, which will set the legal guidelines and will protect Florence, from any future mishaps from the builder. Defences According to Butler, (2012) in a civil or criminal law, it is a common act for the defendant to raise a defence and find a loop hole within the law in order to avoid criminal or civil liability. The defendants generally avoid the criminal or the civil liability and make allegations against the prosecutor or the plaintiff to prove their innocence. In certain circumstances, it is acceptable on the part of the law that the defences are true. Thus to prove the innocence, the defendant must show burden of proof. Two major customs penalties operate under the civil law namely the Customs civil penalties and the Customs Civil Evasion Penalties. Florence Treasures have not entered into any contract thus; the trader will be legally liable for the penalties under the civil law and non-payment of customs duty. As per the Finance Act 1996, if the trader imports restricted goods like the jewelleries without the any legal documentation, the importation of the prohibited goods will be dealt as a cri minal offence and no defence in this regard will be available. Moreover, the HMRC will charge interest if the customs duty are not paid within the due date. Section 197 of Finance Act 1996, states that the HMRC officers may issue penalties to the traders like ceasing of the goods of the traders for the regulatory contraventions (James, 2010) However, in this regard, there is a defence for the trader, if the trader has paid the customs and the excise duty, then the trader is entitled to reclaim the seized goods. Thus, if Florence Treasures is able to make payment of the customs and the excise after entering into a valid contract with the suppliers of Russia, Latvia and Lithuania, then the trader may reclaim the goods (Jeongpyo Lee, 2012). Remedies Two major issues have been highlighted for Florence Treasures. Firstly, the non-payment of the customs and the excise duty for the interstate and intrastate trade with the different suppliers, and, secondly, the issue of non-existence of any contract between house builder and Florence. As per the legal legislations of International Trade law and JCT, Florence Treasures are entitled to certain remedies, which they can adopt before the issues arise (Kerr and Gaisford, 2007). In the first case, since Florence Treasures is a jeweller, hence the trader is supposed to know about the International trade laws that affect the traders, suppliers and the customers. In case of Trading with the customers, the jewellers in UK are required to abide by the Hallmark Act 1973, which provides details on law covering the hallmarking and describing of articles specially the jewellery items. The approval of the Hallmarks provide the customers with the assurance that the material sold by the jewellers are free from any defects and have correct values and weights (Koch, 2010). Import restrictions are generally either product-specific or trade specific. Some of the products are subject to product specific standards and needs to be supported by applicable certificates and documents. Thus, if Florence Treasures adopts the import duties and the tariffs then the trader will be able to trade legally with the interstate and the intrastate suppliers (Boeckman, Greenwald and Von Bisma rck, 2013). In the second case, entering into a JCT contract will give Florence the benefit of making legal claim if the builder is in breach of the contract. However, as per the JCT contract, the homeowner should first check whether the builder is in breach of the contract or not. Secondly, the homeowner should check which of the contract terms have been breached. For instance, if the delay in the construction or the extension has occurred due to the weather conditions of due to any other natural occurrences, then the blame should not be given on the builder and the contract is not seen to be breached (Koch, 2010). However, if the JCT contract does not show the specific issues relating to the breach then the homeowner can implement the following steps namely: The homeowner can pay the builder the value of the correctly executed work and decline from making payment of any non-specified work (Lakhan and Heiss, 2010) The homeowner can also give the builder the opportunity to make this correct and right If the builder is not able to meet the requirements of the homeowner within a reasonable period, then the homeowner can opt for employment of a replacement builder to change the defects ad may appoint the first builder to pay the costs of the replacement builder Moreover, with the help of a JCT contract, the homeowner and the build both will have a proceeding guideline regarding the legal legislations concerning the building extensions and construction methods. In case of Florence, since the trader is employing a builder residing at Poland for extending the house property in London, hence it is highly recommended for Florence to frame a legal JCT contract. Bix, (2012) stated that under a JCT contract the customer pays the builder 95% of the price of the construction work either in instalments during the tenure of the construction work or at the end when the construction process is completed. Thus, this contract gives the owner the opportunity of making the payment after being satisfied with the completed job. If the job is not completed then the owner may not make any payment or in case of instalments, the owner can stop the instalment at the position when the owner finds that the construction is not satisfactory in nature (Lessambo, 2013). Advice on specific issues of law The MOA focuses on advising the client on the legislations of the import laws, construction laws and the trade laws so that the client may not face any legal dispute with respect to the absence of any particular legal contracts (Zimmermann, 2012). As per the International Trade laws, if the trader or the consumer is able to bring any goods from outside the country for own personal use then the trader will not be required to pay any customs or import tax on the goods. The unlimited amount of goods can be imported from any EU countries if the goods are imported for personal use. Hence, in this case, Florence Treasures can effectively import goods from Spain, Latvia and Lithuania if the goods are brought in for personal use (MacLeod, 2010). However, in the given case Florence Treasures have imported the following goods for the following purpose namely: Necklaces and rings from the Latvia, Russia and Lithuania suppliers for shop selling purpose Display cabinet for keeping the jewellery in the shop from Spain Chairs and Furniture from Spain for office use Thus, in this case Florence Treasures have brought in all the items for trading purpose, which shows that the major focus of Florence Treasures was to gain profit out of the business operations (Michaels, 2012). Thus, Florence Treasures cannot claim the non-payment of the customs and the import duties. Again, in case of importing goods from outside EU, the major focus should be on bringing the goods at least possible cost. In certain cases the duty free import is possible if the goods are brought from outside EU, that is form the countries, which are not a part of the EU. The following are the circumstances under which the goods can be made duty free: The trader should transport the goods, which are brought in from the countries, which are outside EU If the goods are used by the trader for own continence or if the goods are used as gift to begiven to some other individual (Moloney, 2010) As per the International Trade Law, the customs for the goods, which are brought externally from different parts of other countries apart from the EU members, is around 2.5%. Thus if the customs duty is not paid for the trading goods then the trader may be required to undergo the civil as well as the criminal penalty charges (Zimmermann, 2012). In the given case, it is thus advisable for Florence Treasures to at least incorporate a trade contract with the suppliers in Russia because the import of the jewellery form Russia include importing of goods from countries outside EU. Thus, if no legal contract is prevalent then the profit earned by Florence Treasures by selling of the jewellery items will be penalised and the trader will have to serve civil and criminal penalties (Stone, 2013). Thus, in order to avoid the civil and the criminal penalties, it is advisable that the trader should make the payment of 2.5% customs on the jewellery goods brought in from Russia. In this regard, it m ay be stated that apart from the customs, the traders are also required to make a payment of the import VAT. Ayres and Ayres, (2012) stated that an import VAT will be paid by the trader on the total value of the goods plus the customs duty which has been allocated for the goods. The standard VAT rate for all types of goods and services including the jewellery items are 20% in UK. Previously the VAT rate was 17.5% however, with the large increase in the import levels the VAT rate increased to 20%. Thus, in this case, for the jewellery pieces that Florence will import from Russia, the trader will need to pay both customs @ 2.5% and VAT on the overall value of the product plus the total customs @ 20%. This will thus create a big burden on the trader if all customs and the VAT is paid together at the same time (Suharnoko, 2012). Procedural and evidential issues The procedural evidence shows that the traders are required to pay penalties in various cases when the trader does not pay the custom duties and the excise duties. The non-payment of the VAT @ 20% makes the trader loose the ownership over the goods. However, under other circumstances if the goods are seized by the trading department then the trader should pay off the outstanding duties and the VAT amount so that the goods can be retrieved from the trading department (Trebilcock, Howse and Eliason, 2012). Evidences of construction faults are also seen in case of the various construction issues. In 90% of the construction cases, the early payment system to the construction builders creates problem for the owner of the house. Some of the major problems, which the owners face, are the delay in the construction process due to the natural disasters and lack of sufficient labours. Thus, in this case of Florence Treasures have the JCT contract then the trader will be able to resolve the issu es and make monthly instalment payments as and when the construction is completed. Conclusion The overall analysis of the legal issues of Florence Treasures it has been found that the trader will face legal issue in future specially in case of intrastate trade which the trader is dealing with the suppliers of Russia. In case of the construction process, which the trader will undertake specially from the builders in Poland, the trader can further face the issue of not getting satisfactory results. The major aim of the memorandum of Advice is to provide the client with the necessary advice on the different aspects of legal legislations that the client may face in future. Thus, in this case since the client is facing uncertainty and thus the client has focused on legal advice. Thus, in this regard the major advice that can be given to the client is that the client should enter into a valid contract with the suppliers in Russia, Latvia and Lithuania. The major focus of the client should be on the calculations of the primary customs and the excise duties that are required to be pa id in case of interstate and intrastate trading relations. In the second issue, the MOA will highlight the issue that the trader may face in future concerning the construction issues with the builder in Poland. 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